Form fit vertical flow diving head gear

ABSTRACT

A diving head gear includes a form fit mask assembly, a hood assembly, and a breathing block assembly. Custom fitting a mask assembly to a diver&#39;&#39;s facial contours as defined by the forehead, temples, and lower jawbone, seals its interior from the surrounding water and allows the comfortable wearing of the mask for prolonged periods of time. Securing the mask assembly onto a wearer&#39;&#39;s head by an elastic, custom fitted hood assembly firmly seats the mask assembly in a sealed relationship as well as providing an armor-like protective covering. Mounting a breathing block assembly on an oral compartment of the mask assembly ensures an effortless inhalation and exhalation of gas and, by its unique configuration, the breathing block assembly blocks and purges any leaked water from the breathing system. Thusly provided, the head gear is ideally adaptable to semiclosed and closed underwater breathing systems to prevent the introduction and transfer of leaked water which would eventually reach the CO2 absorption unit and inhibit its functioning. Because each head gear is individually tailored to seat on the nonfleshy, bony portions of the head and face, and only a slight force is required to seal the mask assembly&#39;&#39;s interior and no facial pain is suffered. Thus the head gear is ideally suitable for use during saturation diving or military undersea operations where it must be worn for long periods of time. Most of the inherent advantages of the head gear are attributed to the fitting of the mask assembly and its method of construction. Molding a ductile transparent sheet over a negative mold shaped to represent a diver&#39;&#39;s head having a builtup template conforming to the internal dimensions of the form fit mask assembly and along a surface representing the bony facial contours of the diver, as defined by his forehead, his temples, and his jawbone, ensures comfortable seating of the mask and prolonged sealing of the interior from the surrounding water.

United States Patent 1191 Garrahan 1 1 Nov. 5, 1974 FORM FIT VERTICAL FLOW DIVING HEAD GEAR [76] Inventor: Richard Garrahan, 2664 Russmar Dr., San Diego, Calif. 92123 122 Filed: Feb. 12, 1973 21 Appl. No.: 332,046

Related U.S. Application Data [63] Continuation-impart of Ser. No. 274,150, July 24, 1974, abandoned, which is a continuation of Ser. No. 99,945, Dec. 21, 1970, abandoned.

Primary Examiner-Richard A. Gaudet Assistant Examiner-G. F. Dunne Attorney, Agent, or Firm-Richard S. Sciascia; Ervin F. Johnston; Thomas Glenn Keough [57] ABSTRACT A diving head gear includes a form fit mask assembly,

a hood assembly, and a breathing block assembly. Custom fitting a mask assembly to a divers facial contours as defined by the forehead, temples, and lower jawbone, seals its interior from the surrounding water and allows the comfortable wearing of the mask for prolonged periods of time. Securing the mask assembly onto a wearers head by an elastic, custom fitted hood assembly firmly seats the mask assembly in a sealed relationship as well as providing an armor-like protective covering. Mounting a breathing block assembly on an oral compartment of the mask assembly ensures an effortless inhalation and exhalation of gas and, by its unique configuration, the breathing block assembly blocks and purges any leaked water from the breathing system. Thusly provided, the head gear is ideally adaptable to semiclosed and closed underwater breathing systems to prevent the introduction and transfer of leaked water which would eventually reach the CO absorption unit and inhibit its functioning. Because each head gear is individually tailored to seat on the nonfieshy, bony portions of the head and face, and only a slight force is required to seal the mask assemblys interior and no facial pain is suffered. Thus the head gear is ideally suitable for use during saturation diving or military undersea operations where it must be worn for long periods of time. Most of the in- 1 herent advantages of the head gear are attributed to diver, as defined by his forehead, his temples, and his jawbone, ensures comfortable seating of the mask and prolonged sealing of the interior from the surrounding water.

8 Claims, 23 Drawing Figures PATENTEDNIW 1914 3.845768 saw 01 or 10 PATENIEBW 5 mm $845768 sum 03 or 10 "ATENTEUNHY 191 38451768 SHEET 10 or 10 ffa HLMHI mmmmr FORM FIT VERTICAL FLOW DIVING HEAD GEAR CROSS-REFERENCE TO A RELATED APPLICATION This application is a continuation-in-part of US. Pat. applicationSer. No. 274,150 filed July 24, 1974, now abandoned, which, in turn, is a continuation of U. S. Pat. application Ser. No. 99,945 filed Dec. 21, 1970, now abandoned.

STATEMENT OF GOVERNMENT INTEREST The invention described herein may be manufactured and used by or for the government of the United States of America for governmental purposes without the payment of any royalties thereon or therefor.

BACKGROUND OF INVENTION With the continuing interest in the development of an undersea technology, the development of reliable, life sustaining systems is of prime importance. When the performance of tasks and conducting observations required a divers being under water for prolonged periods of time, or at greatdepths where surface-supplied air was not practical, self-contained underwater breathing systems of the semiclosed or closed types were produced. Generally speaking, these systems operate to recirculate a divers exhaled breath through a C absorption unit which purges the CO from the exhaled breath, and indirectly feed the CO scrubbed gas back to the diver. An immediate inherent hazard of using these systems is that the CO absorbing material becomes nonfunctional upon getting wet. Unless the exhaled CO is scrubbed from the semiclosed or closed systems, the diver is exposed to CO excess, leading to unconsciousness and suffocation. In contemporary systems, water and saliva from the divers mouthpiece can and do leak into the CO absorption cannister located to receive exhaled breath. One-way valves provided at opposite sides of the mouthpiece allow the inhalation of gas from a breathing bag and the exhalation of gas to the CO absorption cannister. In addition, divers using the present closed and semiclosed systems usually wear a conventional face mask having a resilient, opaque, tunnellike sleeve. These masks become uncomfortable when worn for prolonged periods of time since they are supported, in part, on a fleshy portion of the face reaching between the cheekbones and the frontal portion of the upper jaw. To seal a mask which rests on these fleshy areas requires elastic straps which pull the tunnel-like sleeve into them. Sufficient tensioning effects a force fitting of the mask with resulting discomfort, especially when the mask is worn for long periods of time. Attempts have been made to obviate this attendant discomfort and water leakage by constructing a helmet-like arrangement that, in one instance, encloses the diver's head entirely. With closed or semiclosed systems, this approach is inherently defective all are either inherently dangerous, highly confining, or manifestly uncomfortable.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention is directed to providing a diving head gear worn to seal its interior from the surrounding water medium and includes a mask assembly having a rigid, peripheral portion configured to continuously conform to the facial contours defined by the contours of the forehead, regions of the temples, and the jawbone. A transparent shell portion integrally extends from and reaches across the peripheral portion to define a face mask interior. A breathing block assembly is carried on the portion of the shell adjacent the mouth and directs life-supporting gas vertically as it is inhaled and exhaled to trap liquids and to purge them from the system. 'A custom fitted hood also is included that elastically seats the peripheral portion to ensure the sealed relationship and to protect the diver. A positive sealed mask interior is guaranteed by the: method of forming the mask assembly which includes casting a replica of each divers head and molding, by a pressure differential method, a ductile sheet .over a contour preestablished by a builtup template representative of a face mask interior and the peripheral portion.

A prime object of the invention is to provide a superior divers head gear.

A further object is to provide a diving head gear affording protection to a diver while blocking any water transfer to the breathing system.

Still another object is to provide a diving head gear overcoming problems of face seal deterioration attending a reduced enclosed volume to minimize its entrained mass.

Still another object is to provide a diving head gear free of protuberances.

Another object is to provide a face mask assembly conforming to the bony contour lying outside of the facial area ensuring a sealed relationship.

Another object of the invention is to provide a face mask assembly ensuring comfort when worn for prolonged periods.

Still another object is to provide: a face mask assembly separated into a nasal-visual compartment and an oral compartment to minimize the possibility of dangerous CO buildup.

Still another object is to provide a face mask assembly having a compartmented interior with means for purging each interior independent. of the other.

Yet another object is to provide: a face mask assembly enabling unrestricted forward and peripheral vision.

A further object is to provide a face mask assembly having a dipped rubber liner easily installed and removed.

Still another object is to provide a hood assembly tai' lored to an individual diver for comfortably seating a face mask assembly.

Another object is to provide a hood assembly having overlapping, connecting strips blocking an excessive transfer of water when the bulk of the diving suit is changed.

Still another object is to provide a breathing block assembly for blocking and purging leaked water making it ideal for semiclosed and closed breathing systems.

Still another object is to provide a breathing block assembly channeling the inhaled and exhaled gas in a vertical flow for setting-out moisture droplets entrained in the gas flow.

Still another object is to provide a breathing block assembly incorporating a slanted chamber in communication with a purge valve to ensure the drainage and expulsion of leaked water.

A further object is to provide a breathing block assembly ensuring a reduced inhalation and exhalation resistance to breathing.

Still another object is to provide a breathing block assembly having a backup-gas system capability.

Yet another object is to provide a breathing block assembly having a diver communications capability.

Yet another object is to provide a method for making a superior face mask.

Another object is to provide a technique of face mask construction ensuring its conformity to a wearers facial contours.

These and other objects of the invention will become readily apparent from the following description when taken with the drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is an isometric depiction of the head gear.

FIG. 2 is an isometric view of the face mask assembly.

FIG. 3a is a frontal view of the face mask assembly of FIG. 2.

FIG. 3b is a side view of the face mask assembly of FIG. 2.

FIG. 3c is a rear view of the face mask assembly showing the relative thickness of the face mask assembly.

FIG. 4 is an isometric view of a modified face mask assembly.

FIG. 5 is an isometric view of the hood assembly.

FIG. 6 is an exploded view of the breathing block assembly.

FIG. 7a is a sectional view of the breathing block assembly generally taken along lines 77 in FIG. 1 showing gas flow during the inhale portion of the breathing cycle.

FIG. 7b is a sectional view of the breathing block assembly generally taken along lines 77 in FIG. 1 showing gas flow during the exhale portion of the breathing cycle.

FIG. 70 is a sectional view of a modified breathing block assembly generally taken along lines 77 in FIG. 1 showing exhaled gas flow.

FIGS. 8 through 17 set forth, graphically, the steps of molding the face mask assembly.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT Referring now to the drawings, FIG. 1 shows the head gear consisting of three main assemblies, those being a face mask assembly 20, a hood assembly 35, and a breathing block assembly 40. Taking them in order, the face mask assembly is, in its preferred form, a sheet of molded material, for example, a material possessing the characteristics of strength, transparency, and ductility,

when heated, as the material commercially available under the trademark, Lexan 500.

The manner by which the face mask assembly is constructed will be elaborated on below, but leave it suffice to say at the present, that it is shaped with a peripheral strip or peripheral portion 200, continuously extending around and resting on the bony contours rimming the face. The peripheral portion extends along the forehead area 21, the regions of the temples 22a and 22b, and a lower jawbone area 23, generally described as lying adjacent the lateral surface of the lower jawbone, i.e., the mandible. Extending the lower jawbone area of the peripheral portion to form a cup-shaped chin recess 23a, positions and maintains the face mask assembly on the divers face should he accidentally bump it while swimming or. working. At this time, it is emphasized that the peripheral portion is formed to rest on areas defined by the heads bony, hard surfaces and does not rely, for sealing or support, upon any fleshy areas which either collapse to allow water leakage into the interior of the mask, or which are painful when pressure is brought to bear against them. In addition from a visual inspection of the drawings it is apparent that the peripheral portion has a width resting on the bony contours in excess of a plural integral multiple of its thickness to further ensure comfortable seating of the mask.

Within the confines of the peripheral portion, a shell portion 24 reaches across to definethe dimensions of the interior of the face mask assembly, as near to the face as is practicable reducing the entrained air mass enclosed by the mask. Such reduction of entrained air mass is desirable to minimize the possibility of any dangerous CO buildup within the mask, and, to provide a more maneuverable diver head gear that will not restrict a divers motions.

The shell portion, enclosing the facial area, is separated by an inwardly extending bridge 25 into an oral compartment 26 and a nasal-visual compartment 27. The bridge is integrally formed with the peripheral portion and shell portion or it, optionally, is a glued-in section of a pliable material conforming to the contour of the outer surface of the upper jawbone, i.e., the maxillae. Isolating the two compartments from each other further reduces the possibility of dangerous CO buildup and its inhalation by the diver.

The nasal-visual compartment extends forwardly of the facial area a distance beyond the nose and terminates, preferably, in a planar wall 28 in front of the eyes and nose, although, the forward wall optionally is curved having a proper radius of curvature to allow, substantially, distortion-free peripheral, as well as, forward visibility.

Molding the planar wall out of the transparent Lexan 500 material allowed adequate forward vision; however, slight distortion and vulnerability to damage dictated modification of the planar area by substituting a tempered lens 280 sealed in the shell portion by annular seal 28b and held in place and protected by a stainless steel rim 280. A more positive protection is provided by optionally using a metal band which automatically, self locks when it is circumferentially squeezed onto the annular seal. The walls of the nasal-visual compartment permitted tolerable, slightly distorted peripheral vision which was found to be adequate to warn a diver of impending danger approaching from the side, and the tempered lens enabled close observation of the smallest detail when the situation so demanded.

A manual or pressure operated, commercially available purge valve unit 30 is disposed in the lower lefthand portion of the nasal-visual compartment to allow clearing of the compartment should leakage occur. Also, a resilient pad 31 is bonded onto the lower portion of the nasal-visual compartment immediately adjacent and in-line with the nostrils to allow pressure equalization: With the pad in place the diver slightly, upwardly displaces the face mask assembly to seal the end of the nostrils and forcibly blows outward through his nostrils to achieve pressure equalization.

The forward wall of the oral compartment is provided with a diagonally slanted oral compartment aperture 26a permitting the exchange of gas from the diver through breathing block assembly 40. Since the oral compartment is separated from the nasal-visual compartment by bridge 25, water that inadvertently leaks into the oral compartment requires a separate purging element. It was found unnecessary to include a water purging unit directly in communication with the oral compartment because-a purge valve capability is incorporated in the breathing block assembly. Thus, leaked water and saliva gathering in the oral compartment are vented to the breathing block assembly through the oral compartment aperture. At this point may it be emphasized that manually operatedpurge valve unit,30, carried on the nasal-visual compartment, and purge valve unit 56 provided on the breathing block assembly, preferably are both located on the left hand side of the head gear to simplify and standardize the procedure for mask clearing (raising the left hand to the head gear to clear either compartment).

An outer surface 26b is configured to accommodate mounting of the breathing block assembly and is slightly removed from the lips to allow the intelligible formation of words since a communications capability is also provided for in the breathing block assembly and will be discussed below.

Thusly described, the face mask assembly seals out surrounding water and, by providing a plurality of snap fasteners 32 molded with or bonded onto peripheral portion a, connection to a resilient member, exerting a slight tensile force, seats the face mask assembly. Be-

A more secure fitting between the hood assembly and the face mask assembly is aided by coating the outer surfaces, along with the inner surfaces, of areas 21, 22a, 22b, and 23 with the layered rubber liner. Additional coating of the inner surfaces of the oral compartment with the liner serves to cushion the cheekbone and cheek area and reduces to possibility of facial rawness.

Outer surface 26b of the oral compartment is coated with the layered liner, particularly around diagonally slanted oral compartment aperture 26a, and provides a resilient gasket for mounting the breathing block as sembly. Sandwiching the layered liner between the outer surface of the oral compartment and the breathing block assembly blocks water that may otherwise leak into the head gear.

Coating the face mask assembly is simplified by dipping the entire assembly into the liquid latex compound. Layers of latex overlapping onto the nasalvisual compartment are trimmed by a sharp knife and peeled away so as not to interfere with forward or peripheral vision. A further benefit of repeatedly dipping the entire assembly to form the liner is the formation of a lower liner portion 33a, reaching across the underside of the chin backward towards the throat. This liner aids in sealing the mask assembly's interior as .well as providing warmth and flexibility during chin movement, see F lG. 3b.

cause of the width of the strip or peripheral portion, the

face mask is seated comfortably on the bony contours.

The seal created by the peripheral portion, as it snugly fits onto the facial bony contours, is enhanced by coating the inside of the peripheral portion with a rubber liner 33. Earlier attempts to aid sealing of conventional type mask assemblies called for mounting rubber lips around their peripheral extremes or including neoprene padding strips; however, these were prone to failure and leakage occurred.

A preferred manner of mounting the liner calls for dipping the face mask assembly into a liquid latex compound and allowing the adhered coating to dry. Repeated dippings build up a layered resilient liner to enhance the seating and sealing of the mask as well as providing a more comfortable surface contacting the head. Having the liner so disposed on inner surface of peripheral portion liner so disposed on inner surface of peripheral portion 20a eliminates the problem of face seal deterioration, a common problem of rubber-lipsealed, conventional face masks.

A liner, formed as describedabove possesses the ca pability to be peeled from the face mask assembly and later replaced. In addition, modifying the face mask assembly by carving away cup-shaped chin recess 23a allows greater freedom of chin motion and speech intelligibility. The liner is replaced and lower liner portion 33a reaches'across the chin and resiliently accommodates the jaw toallow its unrestricted motion while ensuring protection and warmth to the diver.

When wearing a hood assembly is not mandatory, elastic straps having mating snap portions reach around the head and are fastened onto snap fasteners 32. However, the full advantages of the disclosed head gear are realized when the face mask assembly, hood assembly, and breathing block assembly functionally cooperate as a unit.

A further modification of the shell portion greatly reduced the entrained air mass by adopting a goggleshaped tempered lens 28aa, in place of lens 28a, see FIG. 4. Mounting the lens in a resilient ring 28bb protected by a similarly shaped metal strap 28cc, allowed the lens to be brought closer to the eyes. Provision for the nose was made in the shell portion by outwardly bulging a nose portion 28dd configured to conform to a surface slightly removed from the noses outer surface. All the other teachings, with respect to the face mask assembly using a tempered lens 28a, are applica ble to this modified version of the face mask assembly.

Noting FIG. 5, the sealing and seating of the face mask assembly is ensured by hood. assembly 35 due to its unique configuration and to :its being fabricated from a sheet of elastic neoprene rubber. In addition to holding the face mask assembly in place, the hood assembly provides an armor-like protection for the divers head and neck areas.

A replica is cast of the divers head, in a manner to be set forth below, and three neoprene panels 36, 37, and 38 are cut and trimmed to conform to the contours 7 of the head. Gluing and sewing the panels along their adjacent boundaries forms a chamber shaped to accommodate a divers head, leaving open the facial area, through which the face mask assembly protrudes.

A plurality of reinforced panel snaps 36a, 37a, and 38a are peripherally disposed about the facial opening to engage similarly disposed mating snaps, snap fasteners 32, carried on peripheral portion 20a, and, via the joined snaps, a gentle pulling force is exerted by the elastic neoprene to seat the face mask assembly.

The lower section of panels 36 and 38 reaches around the" front of the neck area and defines a pair of overlapping panel strips 36b and 38b. Mounted on the panel strips, in an opposed relationship, are the male and female mating portions of a fastener 39, for example, a fastener having the characteristics of the fastener commercially marketed and known under the trademark of Velcro.

An immediate advantage of the above-described configuration becomes apparent when donning and removing the diving head gear. The hood assembly is joined to the face mask assembly by snapping together the snaps carried on the forehead area. The diver simply places the face mask assembly on his face and pulls the hood assembly over his head. Connection of the two mating snap fasteners carried on the hood to those carried on the peripheral portion at the lower side of the Three longitudinally extending chambers, an inhale chamber 42, a common inhale-exhale center chamber face, resiliently seats the face mask assembly against his addition, by mounting the Velcro fasteners along the reaches of the overlapping panel strips, the hood is adjustable to block out an excessive water transfer to the interior of the hood irrespective of the bulk of the dive suit. That is to say, the portion of the dive suit reaching up along the neck area may be thicker or thinner according to changing temperature or working conditions. The overlapping strips, by decreasing or increasing their overlapping relationship, accommodate the thicker or thinner suits without any structural modifications.

More reliable communications are aided by including a pair of earphone pockets 36c and 38c each shaped to provide a mounting and to retain an acoustic earphone which interfaces with existing communications equipment. An opening is optionally provided in each panel adjacent the ear to facilitate the transfer of sound.

The apex of panel 37 is provided with a vent 37b for passing a gas bubble trapped in the hood assemblys interior to eliminate an instabilizing buoyant effect. Undue transfer of water through a vent 37b does not occur since the tailor-made hood assembly, snugly fitting about the wearers head, does not lend itself to flexure and pulling from the head.

Breathing block 40 is a significant advance in the art of gas exchange valve mechanisms and, when employed with the face mask assembly, markedly increases diver safety and lessens diver fatigue.

Looking to FIGS. 6, 7a, and 7b, showing a detailed arrangement of the breathing block assembly, an integral housing block 41 is machined, or molded, from a strong, lightweight material such as teflon or aluminum; if the latter is chosen, the housing block and all of its associated subcomponents are coated with a hard black anodized finish for protection from the corrosive effects of a marine environment.

43, and an exhale chamber 44 are formed within the block and occupy a substantial portion of its interior. An inhale port 45, reaches from the inhale chamber to the outside of the housing block, an exhale port 47 reaches from the exhale chamber to the housing blocks exterior, and an inhale-exhale opening 46 is formed in an inner wall 41a of the housing block to provide passageways for the inhalation and exhalation of gas.

The dimensions and orientation of the inhale-exhale opening coincide with diagonally slanted, oral compartment aperture 26a and, when the breathing block assembly is screwed onto the face mask assembly, via a mounting plate 41b, the aperture and the opening are aligned. To ensure a sealed fitting between the breathing block assembly and the face mask assembly, the outwardly facing configuration of inner wall 41a is complementary to outer surface 26b of the oral compartment. Mounting screws 41b, peripherally disposed about the inhale-exhale opening, are fitted through correspondingly disposed holes reaching through outer surface 26b to compress layered rubber liner 33, when the screws are tightened, drawing the two assemblies together.

A source of gas and a C0 absorption unit, not shown for the sake of simplicity in the drawings, are joined to the breathing block assembly by an adapter hose fitting a and 47a, respectively. The fittings are provided with appropriate gaskets and, optionally, are of several different sizes to interface with available closed and semiclosed systems.

Looking to FIGS. 7a and 7b, further fashioning of the housing block calls for shaping a plurality of laterally extending passageways 48 in a partitioning wall 49 separating the inhale chamber from the common inhaleexhale chamber. A spider-shaped valve holder 48a is fitted into each of the passageways and provides a support for a releasable mushroom check valve 48b allowing a one-way passage of gas from the inhale chamber to the common inhale-exhale chamber. Similarly disposed, a plurality of laterally extending passageways 50 extends through a partitioning wall 51 separating the common inhale-exhale chamber from the exhale chamber. Again, spider-shaped valve holders 50a are fitted into each passageway and releasably supported mushroom check valves 50b ensure the one-way travel of gas from the common inhale-exhale chamber to the exhale chamber. After the block's interior has been shaped, milled or molded according to the manufacturing technique employed and the valve holders and valves are in place, the exhale chamber is isolated from the surroundings by a top cover plate 52, provided with an appropriately shaped gasket, screwed onto the housing block.

A modification appears in FIGS. and 7d and substitutes a single valve 48b in a single passageway 48 in partitioning wall 49 and a single valve 50b carried in a single passage 50' provided in partitioning wall 51.

A bottom cover plate 53 and a suitable gasket separate the lower chamber from the surroundings, but the surroundings by a cup-shaped intercom cover 55. A lead 54a extends from the intercom microphone through a gland packing, disposed in the wall of the cup-shaped intercom cover, to relay signals to remotely located communication equipment. Thusly disposed, a speech path, from the diver, through the common inhale-exhale chamber, through check valves 48b, the inhale chamber, and, finally, to the intercom mike, is established. Although the check valves are closed while the diver is speaking, they do not dampen or render unintelligible his words.

The bottom cover plate is further provided with a purge valve opening 53b axially aligned with a purge valve duct Me. The opening and duct reach in from the housings exterior and create a purging conduit from the lowest portion, a sump portion 43a, of the common inhale-exhale chamber.

A conventional, spring-biased purge valveunit 56 is selected which consists of a check valve element 56a supported by a valve holder 56b and biased to block the passage of fluid by a biasing spring element 56c. This valve unit is fitted in the purge valve duct and by upwardly displacing the check valve element by a manually actuated plunger lever 56d the selective purging conduit serves as a passageway between the inhaleexhale chamber and the surrounding medium.

Particularly shaping the common inhale-exhale chamber to lie with, approximately, a 10 percent diagonal slant, ensures the drainage and collection any leaked water and saliva to sump portion 43a and minimizes the possibility of the waters reaching the exhale chamber and the following CO absorption unit. As soon as it collects, water is evacuated from the breathing block assembly by first pushing in on plunger lever 56d, to raise the check valve 56a from its seat, and then exhaling gas into the common inhale-exhale chamber. If excessive amounts of leaked water accumulate in the common inhale-exhale chamber and it starts to become filled presenting a danger of passing the water to the CO absorption unit, the hose, joining adapter hose fitting 47a to the CO absorption unit, is pinched closed. Continued forceful exhaling of gas purges the leaked water with little risk of spraying it into the exhale chamber and onto the CO absorption unit.

Most leaked water enters semiclosed and closed breathing systems through the interface connecting the systems to a divers mouth, usually a mouthpiece, or a conventional type mask assembly. It naturally follows that leaked water should be blocked, or accumulated and expelled at this interface. Actuating the purge valve unit, in a manner above-described, dead-ends leaked water before it gains access to the closed or semiclosed systems. Since CO absorption units directly receive the exhaled breath in most systems, and the absorption material deteriorates as moisture permeates it, the presently configured housing block, having a longitudinally extending, diagonally slanted common inhale-exhale chamber ensuring the collection of leaked fluids, substantially contributes to system reliability and effectiveness.

A further contributing factor to system effectiveness depends from the relative size and disposition of longitudinally extending partitioning walls 49 and 51. The

walls, by containing a plurality of laterally extending passageways, greatly increase the areas through which the inhaled gases and exhaled gases flow with respect to the areas of the inhale port and exhale port. Since the volume of gas passing through the breathing block assembly is constant, upon a given demand by a diver, the velocity of transferred gas is significantly reduced as the gas reaches the common inhale-exhale chamber. While this reduced velocity diminishes the inhalation and exhalation resistance and, therefore, tends to lessen diver fatigue, the reduction of the gas flow velocity causes gas entrained droplets of moisture to settle out within the common inhale-exhale chamber. These settled droplets run down the slanted chamber and drain into sump portion 43a (assuming that such droplets find their way into the system "upwind of the breathing block). Therefore, by reducing the flow velocity through the breathing block assembly, moisture coming into the breathing block assembly via the inhale port is blocked from progressing to the exhale port and is collected and purged from the system.

Furthermore, on the inhale portion of the breathing cycle, the inhaled gas is directed vertically, upwardly through through laterally extending passageways 48 and, combined with the reduced velocity, any gascarried leaked droplets, being heavier than the gas, tend more readily to settle out and drain to the sump portion. Exhaled gas entering the center inhale-exhale chamber, similarly, is vertically directed and saliva and leaked water coming from the interior of the face mask assembly fall from the gas flow into the sump portion, noting the gas flow arrows in FIGS. 7a and 7c showing the inhale portion of the breathing cycle, and FIGS. 7b and 7d showing the exhale portion of the breathing cycle.

An additional modification of the breathing block assembly greatly increases diver safety by allowing an immediate, automatic drawing of gas from a backup sys tem should the primary breathing system fail. An emergency port 60, laterally aligned with inhale-exhale opening 46, is formed in forward wall 41d of the housing block and the forward facing surface of the forward wall is appropriately shaped to provide a mounting surface Me for receiving a demand regulator unit 61.

The regulator unit incorporates the known features of a conventional second-stage portion of a widely adopted two-stage demand regulator. Its principal parts are: a regulator body housing 61a, a diaphragm member 6lb, a tilt lever element 61c, and a fitting 61d joined to a hose 61c extending to a source of backup gas. If the primary source of gas fails, the diver squeezes shut the hose carried on fitting 45a and inhales. The inhalation pulls in diaphragm member 61b unseating the tilt valve to pass gas to the diver. Optionally, the diaphragm is manually depressed when greatly increased amounts of gas are required or if rapid purging of the common inhale-exhale chamber is needed.

Reversing the locations of the demand regulator unit and the intercom microphone, from that shown in FIG. 6, further improves the functional nature of the breathing block assembly. Of course, suitable adapters are provided to fit the demand regulator unit on the bottom of the housing block through mike opening and to mount the intercom microphone on the emergency port. With this arrangement, speech intelligibility rises since the mike is in direct communication with the diver's mouth and the blind spot blocking lower, forward vision is reduced'since the forward protrusion of the cup-shaped intercom cover is less than that presented by the demand regulator unit.

The preferred embodiment of the breathing block assembly is a rectangularly shaped, curved block designed to closely fit on the face mask assembly with a minimum of protuberances, which could become entangled in cables or marine plant life. Where no communications capability is required, the microphone is omitted and the mike opening is sealed shut. When a backup gas supply is not practical, the demand regulator unit is dispensed. Without the mike and regulator unit, the essential features of the breathing assembly are retained and its outline is considerably streamlined.

All the gaskets, screws, fittings, valves, etc. are standard items and are subject to routine modification to interface with existing breathing systems. Because all the elements are subjected to a harsh, corrosive marine environment they are selected from materials either impervious to or resistant to its effects. The precise manner of connecting the component elements of the breathing block assembly has not been elaborated on to avoid belaboring the obvious.

Realization of the interrelated, functional superiority of the head gear is dependent directly on its being custom fitted to each diver according to the novel methods of individually tailoring the subassemblies, viz., the hood assembly and the face mask assembly.

First, there must be cast a replica 70 of a divers head on which the mask assembly and hood assembly are formed. FIGS. 8 through 17 depict the process of fashioning the face mask assembly.

After a diver is positioned to remain perfectly motionless to allow a setting of a casting material, a support base 71 is fitted about his neck. The support base is cut into two pieces and an appropriately sized neck hole allows its snug placement about his neck to retain the flow of a viscous casting material.

When so placed, the head is coated with a release agent 70'. Grease is suitable, but a silicon-wax composition, commercially available under the trademark Plastico Moulage has been found to be more satisfactory since it is readily mixed to the proper consistency for coating the head a uniform thickness, approximately one-eighth of an inch. Since the release agent tends to be relatively messy, a tight fitting bathing cap worn over the hair reduces the clean-up job.

Prior to casting a female mold whose interior define the outer contours of the head, provision must be made for splitting this mold to enable its removal from the head after the casting material has set. A dividing head template 72, FIG. 9, having internal dimensions conforming to a lateral cross-sectional outline of the head, taken generally along line a-a in FIG. 13, is placed about the divers head. Each dividing template is thin walled serving to act as a nondimensional boundary for the two cast portions to be molded.

In FIG. 10, a casting box 73 encloses the head and, together with dividing head template 72, forms a pair of casting chambers 74 and 75. A tube 76 reaching from the mouth or nostrils extends through a forward wall of the casting box to provide a breathing duct for the diver as the casting operation proceeds.

Plaster of paris, mixed to a viscosity allowing its pouring without difficulty, is poured simultaneously in casting chambers 74 and 75 around and covering the head. After a setting period, approximately minutes, the casting box is carefully and slowly removed leaving a set cube of plaster of paris, consisting of portions 74a and a, enclosing the head with the breathing tube protruding through portion 75a, see FIG. 11.

FIG. 12 shows that the two portions are easily sepa rated along template 72 by gently pulling portion 75a forward. Upon removal of portion 75a from the facial area, portion 74a is withdrawn to he rear and the head is freed from the two portions. The two portions are placed together, minus dividing template 72, to create a female casting mold having internal dimensions conforming to the external configuration of the head.

Readying the female casting mold for casting a replica 70 calls for separating its portions and coating their interiors with a release agent. Upon completion of the coating operation and after a sufficient drying period, casting of the replica follows.

A compound similar to plaster of paris, commercially available under the trademark l-Iydrocal, is mixed to the proper viscosity and poured within the cavity defined by the female casting mold. I-Iydrocal has a setting time of approximately 6 hours and is harder and resists chipping and cracking, making it preferable to plaster of paris. After the replica has hardened, it is removed from the female casting mold which is reusable for casting additional head replicas, is so desired. The head replica is finished, smoothed, and painted with a primer to protect it during subsequent operations.

At this stage, fabrication of the hood assembly is undertaken using the complete replica of the head, and the fitting, gluing and sewing proceeds as outlined above. Molding the face mask assembly necessitates sawing the head replica along a lateral plane generally depicted by lines aa, to define a facial half 70a and a skull half 70b of the replica, noting FIG. 13. The facial half of the replica, containing the bony, peripheral contour outlining the facial features as defined by the forehead, the areas of the temples, and the lower jawbone, is placed face up on a work surface (FIG. 14a).

Building up a male negative mold 83 on the facial half provides a molding surface from which the dimensions of the face mask assembly are determined. A face mask lens template 79 is positioned a predetermined distance forward of the facial half, a distance sufficient to enclose the nose, and is arranged to be perpendicular to the line of forward vision. Moldable clay or putty is built up in volume 80 reaching between the facial area and the face mask lens template and within the bony, peripheral contour to define the confines of nasal-visual compartment 27. In like manner, immediately outwardly and forwardly of the mouth, a breathing block template 81, configured to shape the face mask assembly for receiving a breathing block assembly, is placed in loose contact with the replicas lips. Similarly, moldable clay or putty builds up volume 82, lying between the breathing block template and the facial replica and within the bony, peripheral contour, to define the confines of oral compartment 26.

Face mask lens template 79, taken with its builtup volume 80, and breathing block template 81, taken with its builtup volume 82, define a male negative mold 83 within the forward facial projection contained within the bony, peripheral contour.

Molding the face mask assembly, described in detail below, optionally progresses at this point. However, irregularities on the male negative molds surface, attributed to the building up processes, call for further sculpting to provide a suitable molding surface on which a ductile sheet is shaped. A further reason for not using builtup negative mold d3 becomes apparent, observing that, see FIG. 14b, the cross-sectional area near the facial area, cross lines b-b, is smaller than the cross-sectional area near the lens template along lines c--c. A face mask assembly molded over a male nega tive mold defining such a back draft volume, would require destruction of the mold to free the face mask assembly. If a later inspection revealed flaws in the molded face mask assembly, another replica would have to be cast, split, and built up before another molding operation is attempted.

These limitations are avoided by mounting a divider 84, having an inner silhouette complying with the longitudinal peripheral configuration of male negative mold 83, noting FIG. 15. A framing box 84a encloses the male negative mold and, when separated by divider 84, a pair of casting chambers 85 and $6 are created. The chambers are filled with a suitable casting material forming a left and a right section 85a and 86a of a female negative mold d7. After the sections of the female negative mold have hardened, they are separated and the template and the male negative mold are removed. Their interior surfaces are sculpted to render them smooth for formation of a modified'negative casting 90.

After having coated the interior of sections $50 and 86a with a releasing agent, the female negative mold is reassembled and readied for casting the modified negative casting. The casting material fills the mold, it hardens, and the female casting mold is split and removed. The modified negative casting is sanded, if needed, to provide a continuous smooth surface for the molding operation.

The face mask assembly is formed over the modified,

negative casting according to a pressure differential method. A transparent sheet of a plastic compound 93 is heated to a specific temprature, the above referred to Lexan 500 was heated to a temperature of 400 to attain a workable degree of ductibility. The modified, negative casting is placed on the lower base 91 of a conventional vacuum forming machine 92. The plastic sheet is placed into the upper portion of a conventional vacuum forming machine and lowered over the modified, male negative mold casting and adjacent the lens area. Applying a vacuum on the base side of the plastic sheet pulls it down and around the modified negative casting, molding it to conform to its outer contours which define the nasal-visual compartment, oral compartment, and the contours of the peripheral portion of the replica. Any type of pressure differential method alternately is used to force the heated plastic sheet over the modified, male negative mold to achieve its molding, be it by pressure or vacuum, or a combination of both.

Fabrication of a face mask assembly on the modified negative casting by building up layered fiber glass and resin is an alternate method of shell construction. This method creates a shell that is as strong as the molded plastic but compromises on transparency.

After the mask assembly has been molded and the modified negative casting has been chipped out and removed, the excess is trimmed away. The lens area may be cut away and a tempered lens with annular seal and protective rim is substituted to minimize distortion and to give the face mask assembly greater rigidity. A bridge 25, separating the oral compartment and nasalvisual compartment, is included and further provisions call for adding the snap fasteners, nasal-visual purge valve, the pressure equalization pad, and other modifications enumerated above.

Reliable seating and sealing of the face mask assembly is ensured when the foregoing method of face mask assembly construction is followed. When a lower entrained mass is desirable to offset the additional effort in construction, a goggle-shaped lens template is substituted for the conventional face mask lens template with attention being given to accompanying modifications, e.g., providing an outwardly bulging nose portion, etc.

By the unique configuration of the face mask assembly, the breathing block assembly, and the hood assembly, diver safety and comfort have risen to a new standard and the limitations imposed by conventional head gear are overcome.

Obviously, many modifications and variations of the present invention are possible in the light of the above teachings, and, it is therefore understood that within the scope of the disclosed inventive concept, the invention may be practiced otherwise than as specifically described.

What is claimed is:

1. A custom fitted head gear worn to seal its interior from an ambient medium comprising:

a mask assembly having a rigid peripheral strip configured to continuously conform to the bony contours outlining the facial area and including a first curved portion adapted to conform to an area of the contours of the forehead, second and third curved portions interconnected to said first curved portion adapted to conform to areas of the contours of the regions of the temples, and a fourth curved portion interconnected to said second and third curved portions adapted to conform to an area of the outwardly facing contours of the mandible, all the curved portions are shaped having a width in excess of a plural integral multiple of the thickness of said rigid peripheral strip to present conforming areas of sufficient breadth to ensure the comfortable wearing of said face mask for prolonged periods of time, and a shell portion integrally extending from and reaching across said peripheral strip to define said interior and including a section permitting vision therethrough;

means for allowing a selective exchange of gas to and from said interior mounted on said mask assembly; and

means for elastically pulling said peripheral strip against said bony contours to seat said peripheral strip thereon, sealing said interior from said medium and ensuring said comfortable wearing of said face mask for prolonged periods of time.

2. A head, gear according to claim 1 in which said mask assembly further includes,

a lateral portion reaching between said second and third curved portions of said peripheral strip configured and adapted to conform to contours defined by the cheekbones and the outwardly facing contour of the maxillae, said lateral portion is joined to said shell portion dividing said interior into an oral compartment and a nasal-visual compartment.

3. A head gear according to claim 2 in which said shell portion is adapted to snugly accommodate the cheeks and is shaped with a section bulged outwardly from the area immediately forward of the lips, defining the limits of said oral compartment, the minimal distance for enabling intelligible speech while virtually eliminating dead air space.

4. A head gear according to claim 3 in which said mask assembly further includes,

a resilient, nonporous liner disposed on the interior and exterior of said peripheral strip and said shell portion, except for the vision section and the inhale-exhale opening, to further ensure said sealing of said interior and to seal the mounting of the allowing means on said oral compartment.

5. A head gear according to claim 4 in which said resilient, nonporous liner consists of mutually bonded layers of a latex compound thereby removably mounted on said face mask assembly.

6. A head gear according to claim 4 in which said nasal-visual compartment includes a flat transparent lens plate carried forward of the eye-nose area for ensuring more distortion-free forward vision and curved side walls having a radius of curvature for ensuring wide angle peripheral vision.

7. A head gear according to claim 2 in which said mask assembly further includes,

a plurality of snaps mounted on said peripheral strip to ensure said sealing of said interior when mechanically cooperating with correspondingly disposed mating snaps carried on the elastic seating means.

8. A head gear according to claim 6 in which said transparent lens plate is goggle-shaped and said nasalvisual compartment is formed with a bulged-out nose portion enabling positioning of the goggle-shaped plate closer to the eye area to reduce the lateral water plane and entrained mass defined by said mask assembly. 

1. A custom fitted head gear worn to seal its interior from an ambient medium comprising: a mask assembly having a rigid peripheral strip configured to continuously conform to the bony contours outlining the facial area and including a first curved portion adapted to conform to an area of the contours of the forehead, second and third curved portions interconnected to said first curved portion adapted to conform to areas of the contours of the regions of the temples, and a fourth curved portion interconnected to said second and third curved portions adapted to conform to an area of the outwardly facing contours of the mandible, all the curved portions are shaped having a width in excess of a plural integral multiple of the thickness of said rigid peripheral strip to present conforming areas of sufficient breadth to ensure the comfortable wearing of said face mask for to ensure the comfortable wearing of said face mask for prolonged periods of time, and a shell portion integrally extending from and reaching across said peripheral strip to define said interior and including a section permitting vision therethrough; means for allowing a selective exchange of gas to and from said interior mounted on said mask assembly; and means for elastically pulling said peripheral strip against said bony contours to seat said peripheral stip thereon, sealing said interior from said medium and ensuring said comfortable wearing of said face mask for prolonged periods of time.
 2. A head gear according to claim 1 in which said mask assembly further includes, a lateral portion reaching between said second and third curved portions of said peripheral strip configured and adapted to conform to contours defined by the cheekbones and the outwardly facing contour of the maxillae, said lateral portion is joined to said shell portion dividing said interior into an oral compartment and a nasal-visual compartment.
 3. A head gear according to claim 2 in which said shell portion is adapted to snugly accommodate the cheeks and is shaped with a section bulged outwardly from the area immediately forward of the lips, defining the limits of said oral compartment, the minimal distance for enabling intelligible speech while virtually eliminating dead air space.
 4. A head gear according to claim 3 in which said mask assembly further includes, a resilient, nonporous liner disposed on the interior and exterior of said peripheral strip and said shell portion, except for the vision section and the inhale-exhale opening, to further ensure said sealing of said interior and to seal the mounting of the allowing means on said oral compartment.
 5. A head gear according to claim 4 in which said resilient, nonporous liner consists of mutually bonded layers of a latex compound thereby removably mounted on said face mask assembly.
 6. A head gear according to claim 4 in which said nasal-visual compartment includes a flat transparent lens plate carried forward of the eye-nose area for ensuring more distortion-free forward vision and curved side walls having a radius of curvature for ensuring wide angle peripheral vision.
 7. A head gear according to claim 2 in which said mask assembly further includes, a plurality of snaps mounted on said peripheral strip to ensure said sealing of said interior when mechanically cooperating with correspondingly disposed mating snaps carried on the elastic seating means.
 8. A head gear according to claim 6 in which said transparent lens plate is goggle-shAped and said nasal-visual compartment is formed with a bulged-out nose portion enabling positioning of the goggle-shaped plate closer to the eye area to reduce the lateral water plane and entrained mass defined by said mask assembly. 